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Search every subject world, from Preschool to Grade 12. The first five courses of every subject path are free.

16 courses

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Geography · Grade 11

Geospatial Questions and Data Sources

Learners begin geospatial analysis the way professionals do: by framing questions a GIS can answer and choosing data fit for that purpose. They classify spatial questions, compare sources from censuses and satellite constellations to OpenStreetMap, read metadata including coordinate reference systems, and quantify positional accuracy with root-mean-square error before judging whether a dataset is good enough for a task.

  • 4 lessons
  • About 115 min
  • Quiz: 10 questions
Free starter

Geography · Grade 11

Map Projections and Measurement Error

Measurements taken from maps are only as good as the projection, coordinate system and data behind them. Learners classify projections by developable surface and tangency, correct map measurements with scale factors (including UTM's 0.9996), work out UTM zones and recognise datum shifts, then distinguish precision from accuracy, identify sources of GNSS error and propagate measurement error into derived lengths and areas.

  • 4 lessons
  • About 120 min
  • Quiz: 10 questions
Free starter

Geography · Grade 11

Raster and Vector Models

Every GIS stores the world in one of two ways: as vector features (points, lines and polygons with attributes) or as raster grids of cells. Learners choose a data model for a phenomenon and scale, reason about raster resolution and mixed pixels, calculate slope and reclassify a digital elevation model, and chain vector operations such as buffer and overlay into a site-suitability workflow.

  • 4 lessons
  • About 120 min
  • Quiz: 11 questions
Free starter

Geography · Grade 11

Land Use and Environmental Change

Satellites have recorded Earth's land surface continuously since 1972. Learners separate land cover from land use and distinguish proximate from underlying drivers of change, calculate and interpret the vegetation index NDVI, measure change with a before-and-after change matrix and an accuracy check, and explain the urban heat island and the land-use choices that can reduce it.

  • 4 lessons
  • About 125 min
  • Quiz: 11 questions
Free starter

Geography · Grade 11

Infrastructure, Accessibility and Networks

Roads, railways, pipes and power lines are networks, and network geography decides who can reach jobs, schools and clinics. Learners model infrastructure as graphs and measure connectivity, find least-time routes on a weighted network, measure accessibility with travel times, isochrones and service areas, and evaluate infrastructure options for equity and resilience.

  • 4 lessons
  • About 120 min
  • Quiz: 10 questions
Free starter

Geography · Grade 11

Hazards, Vulnerability and Resilience

A natural hazard becomes a disaster only when it meets exposed, vulnerable people. Learners break risk into hazard, exposure, vulnerability and capacity, read hazard maps and calculate the probability of a '100-year' event over a lifetime, compare the 2010 earthquakes in Haiti and Chile using evidence beyond magnitude, and evaluate risk-reduction strategies against the priorities of the Sendai Framework.

  • 4 lessons
  • About 125 min
  • Quiz: 10 questions

Geography · Grade 11

Geographic Claims and Data Ethics

Maps and location data are persuasive, and they can expose people. Learners test geographic claims by checking denominators and the ecological fallacy, explain why location data is hard to anonymise and apply protections such as aggregation, suppression and geomasking, use consent and Indigenous data sovereignty principles (CARE alongside FAIR), and spot map choices that make weak claims look strong.

  • 4 lessons
  • About 125 min
  • Quiz: 11 questions

Geography · Grade 11

A Geospatial Research Project

In this capstone, learners run a complete geospatial project on summer heat in the fictional city of Marlow Vale. They design the project and harmonise a data inventory, combine rasters and vectors with zonal statistics and correlation while watching for spatial autocorrelation, measure walking access to cooling centres for older residents, and test, document and communicate their findings with sensitivity analysis, limitations and an ethics check.

  • 4 lessons
  • About 135 min
  • Quiz: 11 questions

Geography · Grade 12

Frame a Spatial Research Question

Good geographic research starts with a good question. Learners refine broad topics into focused, researchable spatial questions; define the spatial extent, unit of analysis and time frame and anticipate scale effects; turn abstract concepts into measurable indicators and testable hypotheses with spatial expectations; and judge a plan's feasibility and ethics, including sampling, data, safety, consent and the researcher's own position.

  • 4 lessons
  • About 120 min
  • Quiz: 11 questions
Free starter

Geography · Grade 12

Evaluate and Prepare Geographic Data

Most of a geographer's time goes into getting data ready. Learners judge datasets against quality dimensions and metadata, clean records and join tables with stable keys (and find out why joins fail), turn counts into rates, densities and percentages, and classify data for maps with equal intervals, quantiles and natural breaks — seeing how each choice changes the story a map tells.

  • 4 lessons
  • About 125 min
  • Quiz: 11 questions
Free starter

Geography · Grade 12

Population, Resources and Inequality

Wealth, services and resources are spread unevenly across the world and within every country. Learners measure inequality with Lorenz curves, the Gini coefficient and regional ratios; explain uneven development with core–periphery and cumulative causation models; weigh the 'resource curse' against cases where resource wealth has supported development; and analyse unequal access to water and energy with Sustainable Development Goal indicators and water-stress calculations.

  • 4 lessons
  • About 125 min
  • Quiz: 11 questions
Free starter

Geography · Grade 12

Climate, Risk and Regional Planning

Planners must make long-lived decisions about coasts, rivers and cities under an uncertain climate. Learners read climate projections as ranges across scenarios and identify sources of uncertainty, estimate how sea-level rise changes flood frequency and exposure, compare adaptation options — protect, accommodate, retreat, ecosystem-based measures and adaptive pathways — while watching for maladaptation, and combine cost–benefit reasoning with discounting and equity to judge a regional plan.

  • 4 lessons
  • About 130 min
  • Quiz: 11 questions
Free starter

Geography · Grade 12

Trade, Mobility and Global Networks

Goods, people and money move through networks with hubs, corridors and chokepoints. Learners measure hub importance with degree and betweenness centrality, explain the geography of container shipping and air hubs, analyse disruptions such as the March 2021 Suez Canal blockage and later rerouting around Africa, and examine migration corridors and remittances, including their costs and the dependence of some economies on them.

  • 4 lessons
  • About 125 min
  • Quiz: 11 questions
Free starter

Geography · Grade 12

Build and Critique Spatial Models

Spatial models predict where people will shop, travel or seek services, and where facilities should go. Learners apply spatial interaction models (the gravity model, Reilly's breaking point and the Huff model) and explain distance decay, solve small location–allocation problems, validate models against observed data with residuals and error measures, and critique the assumptions, uncertainty and ethics of using models to make decisions.

  • 4 lessons
  • About 130 min
  • Quiz: 11 questions

Geography · Grade 12

Communicate Maps Accessibly and Ethically

A map only works if its audience can read it and trust it. Learners build clear visual hierarchy with message-led titles, legends and sources; choose sequential, diverging or qualitative colour schemes that people with colour-vision deficiency can read; write alt text and non-visual equivalents and show uncertainty honestly; and represent disputed borders, contested names, projections and classifications responsibly.

  • 4 lessons
  • About 125 min
  • Quiz: 11 questions

Geography · Grade 12

A Geographic Decision-Making Capstone

In this capstone, learners advise the fictional, fast-growing city of Ardena in a drying basin on how to secure its water supply to 2040. They analyse the decision context with demand projections and a stakeholder map, compare a new dam, a desalination plant and a demand-management package using weighted multi-criteria analysis and sensitivity tests, weigh environmental, social and climate impacts with lessons from real cities, and write a conditional, evidence-based recommendation with monitoring indicators.

  • 4 lessons
  • About 140 min
  • Quiz: 11 questions